What is Electrotherapy?

Electrotherapy may be defined as a way of treating medical disorders by using electrical methods, in particular by the use of devices that apply some sort of electromagnetic impulse to the body.

Origins of Electrotherapy

Proper Electrotherapy started sometime in the late 1880’s and consisted of randomly applying various forms of electricity to the body. Nikola Tesla designed and experimented with high frequency electrical oscillator circuits that he thought could be used for medical purposes. Tesla presented details of his work at the 8th annual meeting of The American Electro-Therapeutic Association held in September 1898 in New York. His paper was titled "High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-therapeutic and Other Purposes". This presentation was then published in "The Electrical Engineer" journal Vol XXVI No.550 dated 17th November 1898. At the same in France, Jacques-Arsene D’Arsonval, a medically trained scientist and inventor, used many of Tesla's ideas to develop electromedicine in France during the late 1890’s. However it was not until the early 1920's that Georges Lakhovsky, a Russian electrical engineer, scientist and inventor and who emigrated to France in 1929, did proper research into the effects of electricity on living cells. Lakhovsky constructed various broad band multiple wave oscillator circuits that, similar to Tesla’s circuits, could produce a wide spectrum of frequencies. This was the origin of the Multiple Wave Oscillator (MWO), a device that produced electromagnetic energy. The magnetic field in the MWO was produced by a powerful Tesla Coil. The patient sat between two round antennas and was bombarded with electromagnetic waves. The MWO was used in France and the USA during the early 1930's to treat various illnesses and historical records indicate that the MWO achieved some positive results. However, when the American Medical Association (AMA) found out that the MWO was being used to treat ill patients, its use for medical treatment in the USA was prohibited.

Also in the 1920's, Royal Raymond Rife had discovered that certain frequencies of electromagnetic waves destroyed bacteria and viruses. Rife constructed a ray tube frequency device that was used to treat cancer and other illnesses. Rife destroyed his microbes with a modulated radio frequency carrier wave that was input into a plasma discharge tube or ray tube. The modulation was produced by an oscillator, which produced the various frequencies that Rife desired. Unfortunately, Rife encountered the same problems that his electrotherapy predecessors had with the AMA and his discoveries never got a wide exposure at that time. During the 1930’s and 1940’s, the AMA under the control of Morris Fishbein was able to suppress and outlaw essentially all drug alternative electro-medical technologies that were of any real value and in competition to the pharmaceutical industry.

In the 1950's and 1960's, Rife's work was continued and expanded on by John Crane and his associates, but Crane also experienced the wrath of the medical authorities and was never able to gain acceptance or wide use of Rife treatment.

In 1973, Dr John Holt who was an oncologist in Australia, discovered that by using 434 MHz Ultra High Frequency radio waves in a special therapy, cancer cells in the body can be destroyed. This frequency has been used throughout the continent of Europe as the standard frequency for medical purposes for many years. When cancer cells are exposed to this frequency, the process of cancer's burning of glucose without oxygen is temporarily activated for between 20 to 30 minutes. However, if the uptake of glucose from the blood by the cancer cells can be blocked before forcing the start of the glucose burning process, then the cancer cell will die.

On 18th November 1986, Robert T Gordon was granted a patent for the process of using electromagnetic frequencies for the treatment of cancer. Gordon made no claim for any particular instrument, but used existing commercial equipment available to him. It was widely known that when the body was subjected to electromagnetic energy or an electromagnetic field, frequencies could be induced in the body. Gordon's theory was that, if you could select the correct frequency this would, a) cause the cancer cells to heat up by 8 degrees C so that they would be destroyed; and b) stimulate the production of Interferon in the body. Gordon also mentioned that it was important to discover the resonant frequency of cancer cells. He also theorised that if you had the resonant frequency of the cancer cells, you could use that frequency to find cancer cells in the body. A frequency range of between 1 Khz and 50 Mhz was stated. Apparently Gordon had done all of his experiments on animals. Not much more is known about what Gordon did with his patent.

The conventional medical industry managed to suppress details of these electromagnetic frequency treatments from the eye of the general public until about the mid 1980’s. At this time, Rife’s work was brought to the attention of the public largely due to the efforts undertaken by Barry Lynes with the assistance of John Crane. In April 1987, Barry Lynes wrote a book titled "The Rife Report: The Cancer Cure that Worked! Fifty Years of Suppression” that described the history and work of Rife. Fortunately, a few doctors, scientists and engineers were inspired by this exposure of Rife's work and worked together to resurrect and reconstruct Rife's technology. Like Rife, these researchers also experienced resistance to what they were trying to achieve and again the conventional medical industry tried to dismiss Rife treatment as “quackery”. However, the modern day pioneers persisted with their efforts, convinced that the technology had merit and eventually they were rewarded with the achievement of success in reproducing some of Rife's results.

Bob Beck Rescues Lakhovsky's MWO from Obscurity In the early 60's, Dr Bob Beck found an original Lakhovsky Multi-Wave Oscillator in the basement of a well known southern California hospital. He took it apart and described exactly how it was built in a series of articles published by Borderlands in 1963. After Beck's articles were published, a number of builders began to assemble MWO's and the word started to spread. Two MWO builders who lived on the west coast, using the information contained in Beck articles, began making and selling a lot of Multi Wave Oscillators. Apparently they worked fairly well because the FDA got word of the MWO's growing popularity and told Beck to come to Washington. Beck and the two builders were told to lay off promoting the MWO and stop building them. They were told in no uncertain terms to cease and desist immediately ...or else. Beck and one of the MWO builders, Ed Skillings, complied, but the second builder, Ralph Bergstresser, was determined to keep going, so he actually formed a church dedicated to the worship of the MWO. Yes, you read that correctly. And, for a couple of years at least, his 'parishioners' were able to come to church, sit around the MWO-perched high atop an altar, with resonator antennas glowing - and received the 'blessed waves' from the Sacred Oscillator. It helped a lot of church goers, until the 'pastor' was finally thrown into the slammer by the Feds and had his modern version of the Ark of the Covenant hauled away. He got out after a couple of years, but still went on building MWO's anyway, distributing them through underground sources. Many present day owners of properly working MWO's are either using units built by or copies of the "pastor's" work (now why isn't there an Oscar category reserved for a guy like that?). Blood-Electrification In recent years, different electro-medicine units have been promoted at health expos and through magazine articles, interviews, books, etc.. One of the more interesting devices is the blood electrifier of Dr Bob Beck. I've seen laboratory reports and Institutional Review Board studies that seem to clearly support claims made by Dr BobBeck that his blood electrification device has caused 'complete spontaneous remission' in literally thousands of AIDS patients, cancer patients, and chronic fatigue sufferers among others. Dr Beck discovered the possibilities offered by blood electrification after reading a short article in 1991 in a journal called Science News.

Understanding the principles of Electrotherapy

Electrotherapy devices use electronic circuits to produce non-lethal amounts of electrical energy, characterised as an electromagnetic field (EMF), in the body. These electromagnetic fields are in the form of frequencies or waves and the body acts like a conductor. When an electrical current flows in a conductor, an EMF is formed around the conductor. The voltage and the magnitude and type of current flowing determines the size and strength of the EM field. The EM field is also affected by the size, shape and type of conductor through which the electrical current flows. These are examples of different types of electromagnetic energy in the electromagnetic spectrum: X-rays, Ultraviolet light (UV), Visible light, Infrared light (IR), Microwaves and Radio-frequency radiation (RF).

The different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are identified and classified according to their unique frequency or wavelength bands. The frequency and wavelength are inter-related, and as the frequency rises the wavelength gets shorter. The frequency is the rate at which the electromagnetic field goes through one complete oscillation (cycle) and is usually given in Hertz (Hz), where one Hz is one cycle per second. Electromagnetic fields are what are said in atomic theory to hold the atoms of matter. It is the force holding the electrons in orbit around the nucleus of an atom. It is possible to make an atom of something resonate with an EM field. If you increase the power of the resonance enough, heat will be generated, and if the power is increased enough, the atomic structure will break down.

The interaction of biological material with an electromagnetic source depends on the frequency of the source. We talk about the electromagnetic spectrum as though it produces waves of energy. However, sometimes electromagnetic energy acts like particles rather than waves, particularly at high frequencies. The particle nature of electromagnetic energy is important because it is the energy per particle (or photons, as these particles are called) that determines what biological effects electromagnetic energy will have. At the very high frequencies characteristic of UV and X-rays (less than 100 nanometers), electromagnetic particles (photons) have sufficient energy to break chemical bonds. This breaking of bonds is termed ionization, and this part of the electromagnetic spectrum is termed ionizing. The well-known biological effects of X-rays are associated with the ionization of molecules. At lower frequencies, such as those characteristic of visible light, radio-frequency radiation, and microwaves, the energy of a photon is very much below those needed to disrupt chemical bonds. This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is termed non-ionizing. Because non-ionizing electromagnetic energy cannot break chemical bonds there is no analogy between the biological effects of ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic energy. Non-ionizing electromagnetic sources can produce biological effects. Many of the biological effects of ultraviolet (UV), visible, and infrared (IR) frequencies depend on the photon energy, but they involve electronic excitation rather than ionization, and do not occur at frequencies below that of infrared (IR) light. Radio-frequency and microwave sources can cause effects by inducing electric currents in tissues, which cause heating.

There is also another theory that explains why electrotherapy works. All cells have small electrically powered pumps inside of them whose function is to bring in nourishment, and take out toxins. Healthy cells, according to Nobel Prize winner Otto Warburg, have cell voltages of 70 to 90 millivolts. Due to the constant stresses of modern life and our toxic environment, cell voltage tends to drop as we age or get sick. As the voltage drops, the cell is unable to maintain a healthy environment for itself. Imagine going into a house where the power is out. The water pumps wouldn't operate so the toilets wouldn’t work. There would be no running water, therefore no showers or baths or doing dishes. The refrigerator wouldn't work so there wouldn't be any food to eat, and the food that was in there would go bad. Add to that a garbage man strike, and now garbage is piling up. As you could guess, anyone living in that house would probably get sick. It is the same for the cells of the body. Without enough energy to operate, the cells become toxic and malnourished. Then, when presented with an infectious organism, whether it is the virus that causes cancer, or the common cold, they have lost the vitality to resist. If the electrical charge of a cell drops to 50mV, a person will have chronic fatigue and will get sick often. If the voltage drops to 15mV, the cell will become cancerous.

The Discovery In the Fall of 1990, two researchers, Drs William Lyman and Steven Kaali, working at Albert Einstein Medical College in New York City made an important discovery. They found that they could inactivate the HIV virus by applying a low voltage direct current electrical potential with an extremely small current flow to AIDS infected blood in a test tube. Initially, they discovered this in the lab by inserting two platinum electrodes into a glass tube filled with HIV-1 (type 1) infected blood. They applied a direct current to the electrodes and found that a current flow in the range of 50-100 microamperes (uA) produced the most effective results. Practically all of the HIV viral particles were adversely affected while normal blood cells remained unharmed. The viral particles were not directly destroyed by the electric current, but rather the outer protein coating of the virus was affected in such a way as to prevent the virus from producing reverse transcriptase, a necessary enzyme needed by the virus to invade human cells. Reverse transcriptase allows the virus to enter a human T cell line (called CEM-SS) and commandeer the DNA reproduction machinery. After using the host cell to reproduce itself into thousands of new virii, the swollen host cell (now called syncytia or giant cell) will burst and spew the contents into the bloodstream or lymph system. This is how the virus spreads, but lacking reverse transcriptase, the HIV virus can't invade the host cell and it becomes vulnerable to destruction by the body's immune system. (The details of this experiment can be read from Kaali's patent application.) Getting the Word Out? A brief announcement of this discovery appeared in The Houston Post (Mar 20, 1991), then in Science News (Mar. 30, 1991 pg. 207) and later in Longevitymagazine: (Dec.1992 pg. 14). Following their work in the Fall of 1990, Kaali and Lyman presented their findings at the First International Symposium on Combination Therapies (an AIDS conference) in Washington DC on March 14th, 1991. Kaali outlined two methods for treating an AIDS patient with this new therapy: One method involved removing a small amount of blood, electrifying it and then returning it to the patient's body. The second method involved sewing a miniature electrifying power supply along with two tiny electrodes directly into the lumen of an artery. For long term treatment, the mini electrifying unit needed to be removed and relocated to a new artery site after 30-45 days since scar tissue and calcification forming around the implant unit would lead to artery blockage. Kaali (along with co-inventor Peter Schwolsky) filed for a patent on this implantable electrifying device on Nov 16, 1990 and nine months later was granted patent #5,139,684 on August 18, 1992. It's interesting to note two things here: 1. In order to obtain a patent from the United States Patent Office, Kaali and Schwolsky had toprove that the device works as claimed. Lacking solid proof, patents are simply not granted. 2. Very often it takes years to obtain a patent, yet this patent was granted in only nine months; a further indication to me of the strength their proven claims It's also interesting to note that other than the 3 publications mentioned above and the March '91 AIDS conference, nothing again appeared in print, radio, or TV about this important discovery as a potential treatment and cure for AIDS from Kaali and company. Most knowledgeable observers feel that Kaali and Lyman's discovery was intentionally suppressed following the March '91 AIDS conference presentation. If AIDS research was on the level and not the sham that it actually is, this should have made front page news around the world. By the way, in July (2000), a woman with Mycoplsma Incognitus (Gulf War Illness) E mailed me and told me (after reading this story) that she had called Albert Einstein College and spoke directly with Dr William Lyman, one of the co-discoverers of blood electrification. She wanted to know how effective he thought blood electrifiation would work against mycoplasma. Lyman told her that he had no idea what she was talking about. He denied knowing anything about blood electrifiction and couldn't give her any information about it at all. Such is the vice grip power of the medical cartel. Enter Dr Bob Beck A man named Professor Walter Schnitder drew Dr Robert C. Beck's attention to the above mentioned item in Science News. Beck looked up the patent and decided to try and duplicate the therapy, but he wanted to do it non-invasively; that is by applying the electric current from outside the body. Now if you apply a direct current (DC) potential to the skin, you're going to get an electrolysis effect and that can cause problems, so Beck designed a circuit that varied the voltage with an alternating current (AC) at a very low frequency and avoided the electrolysis problem. The waveform that Beck chose is not the typical sine wave seen in AC household outlets, but rather is a bi-phasic square wave. Square waves generate a large number of harmonics. Harmonics are frequency multibles of the original frequency. For example, a 4 Hertz (hz) square wave can produce harmonics (with the right equipment) of 8 hz, 16 hz, 32 hz, etc. right up into the radio frequency range. Beck finally settled on 3.92 hz as the ideal base frequency and assembled a schematic of the simple square wave oscillator , including a complete parts list. He used short, one inch lengths of stainless steel welding rods with attached wires for electrodes and started to experiment on himself. Gradually, he began feeling stronger, had more energy and started losing his excessive weight (he was over 300 lbs at the time). After a 7 or 8months, his weight was down to 150 lbs and he felt better than ever. He went on the lecture circuit, talked for free, and gave the schematic and related construction/protocol information away without charge. AIDS patients, particularly, experienced dramatic reversals of their deteriorating conditons using the blood electrifier, but the unit seemed to help many other conditions as well, whether autoimmune, viral, or bacterial in origin. (more information about Beck's papers and protocols can be obtained by contacting the Editor)

Electrotherapy Today

Under the broad heading of electrotherapy, we could divide the devices used into three main categories. The first category are the devices that use some sort of magnetic field to induce electrical frequencies in the body. The second category are the devices that use radio frequencies to induce electrical frequencies in the body. The third category are the devices that apply the electrical frequencies directly to the body. A Rife device is the exact opposite of a device that produce arbitary frequencies. They both rely on the same principle, that is, that life forms can absorb radio wave energy. A Rife device uses the principle to destroy micro-organisms that are causing illnesses. The other devices use the same principle to strengthen the healthy cells of the body so that they can resist disease.

1. Magnetic Field devices: typically these are the so-called "Multi-Wave" devices. The objective is to produce a broad spectrum of electromagnetic frequencies in the body. This is achieved with devices like the Lakhovsky MWO and the Vibrational Integrated Bio-photonic Energizer or V.I.B.E. machine. Modern day Lakhovsky MWO's are available at reasonable cost, although the V.I.B.E. machine is reported to have had more success on certain types of cancer than any other Multi-Wave device currently available. Because the V.I.B.E. machine is relatively expensive to purchase, treatment can be obtained at clinics in the USA and the rest of the world. There are also other devices, that also produce Multi-Wave electromagnetic fields such as the BEMER system. Another type of pulsed magnetic field device which also produces broad band ultrasound frequencies in human tissue has been designed by Dr. Robert (Bob) Beck. This type of device uses a coil of wire through which a high voltage capacitor is rapidly discharged. In private research done at the Newport Beach Hospital, this pulsed magnetic field device in combination with another low frequency voltage square wave electrode device has been successful in lowering PCR viral load counts in AIDS patients from over several hundred thousands per ml to 250 per ml (test noise level). These patients became free of the clinical symptoms of AIDS. Even though these results were consistent in the approximately one hundred test subjects, no supposedly reputable main stream medical journal will publish the story of the test results.

2. Radio Frequency Non-Contact devices: This is the type of device originally used by Rife to destroyed his microbes. The various frequencies that Rife desired were produced by an oscillator. These frequencies were then modulated onto a radio frequency carrier wave. The output from the final RF amplifier stage was connected through a suitable impedance matching circuit to a plasma discharge tube or ray tube. When placed next to a patient, the ray tube transmitted the frequencies into the body. Rife referred to these frequencies as the various Mortal Oscillatory Rates of the microbes or MOR’s. Although this type of device was the design of the type used during all of Rife's early experiments when he claimed to have the success that he did, radio frequency type devices subsequently were not favoured for treatment use for two main reasons. Firstly, there was some concern as to the safety of exposing the human body to high power radio frequency radiation. Secondly, any device that emits Radio Frequencies and its operator must be licenced in terms of Radio Communication Regulations. So, in order to avoid these complications, most subsequent development work on Rife devices tried to achieve the same results but without the use of radio frequency transmission.

3. Direct Application devices: essentially the electromagnetic frequency is introduced into the body via pads or electrodes in contact with the skin. This category includes many types of electrotheraputic devices available today. Although, at first glance, many of these devices appear to be similar, there are significant differences. I mention here only the few that I am familar with, although there may be many other types available.
a) Rife-Crane Contact Pad devices – these instruments are the development of the Rife frequency instruments that John Crane designed and built in the late 1950’s. These devices use contact pads or hand held electrodes to transmit the frequencies into the body. These instruments vary from very simple frequency generators to sophisticated multi-function instruments and some instruments also have the capability to apply their "basic" frequency onto a carrier wave, similar to the ray tube device.
b) Photon Genie - a device designed and built by Ed Skilling. This device is the latest development of what Skilling originally called the RF Flat Pack then the Sound Magi and then the Harmonic Pulser. It produces one frequency, 728 Hz which is the Rife frequency considered to be the most healing. This frequency is output via a radio frequency wave to special hand held plasma discharge tube electrodes. Skilling's unit operates only with 100 milliwatts of power on a carrier wave of 28.322 MHz, very similar to the Rife-Bare device. The 728 Hz modulates the 28.322 MHz to create a great range of harmonic frequencies - said to be up into the Giga Hertz range.
c) Beck Blood Electrification device – a device designed by Dr Robert Beck and operating at 3.92 Hz. This device is claimed to be able to neutralise pathogens in the blood. The development of the Beck device was based on a discovery which is well documented. This discovery was made in 1990 by two medical doctors at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Dr. Kaali and Dr. Lyman discovered that the right electrical current will cause a key enzyme on the surface of microbes to break, thus prohibiting these microbes from attaching themselves to human cells and multiplying. The microbes are then able to be flushed out of the body with other body wastes. The Beck theory is that if you can remove every microbe in your body, your immune system will start working to peak performance. It is then your boosted immune system that restores the body to good health.
d) Clark Zapper – a device designed by Hulda Clark and having usually only one frequency, between 20 and 40 kHz. Clark initially designed the Zapper to kill parasites in the body.
e) There are other electrical devices that are marketed under their own brand names and the most common of these other devices are referred to as TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) devices. TENS units operate between 80 to 100 Hz. and have a wide application for pain reduction therapy. TENS devices are now widely approved and are found in many hospitals. Another device, called the APS instrument, works on a similar principle. Interferential Therapy units are a type of muscle stimulator and operate between 3000 to 4000 Hz. Bio Feedback instruments that are used to modify behavior and retrain the nervous and muscular systems, run from below 1 Hz to about 40 Hz. Bone Growth Stimulators, used to heal broken bones operate at frequencies from about 40 to 80 Hz. Deep Brain Stimulators use implanted electrodes to impart electrical pulses from between 120 and 160 Hz directly to the brain to control involuntary muscular tremors in Parkinson's disease. Heart Pacemakers use an electrical impulse to regulate the hearts rhythm.

Electrotherapy - The Future

Because many of the early experiments and devices were potentially dangerous and had no proper scientific foundation or reasoning behind them, and because unscrupulous vendors saw an opportunity to sell all kinds of ridiculous "miracle cure" devices, electrotherapy became known as an area of "quackery" or pseudo-science. Unfortunately, the bad reputation gained in this way convinced a lot of people (particularly the mainstream medical establishment) that there was never any proper basis for it at all and that all subsequent attempts to develop electrotherapeutic methods were just revivals of earlier quackery and not worthy of any investigation or serious consideration at all. Even today, many electrotherapeutic devices are produced and sold with claims that they can cure any illness. In most cases these claims have not really been proved. Some devices could even be dangerous. The vendors of these devices offer pseudoscientific explanations as to how they work, but very little proper scientific research has been done into what effects they may have (if any). Having said that, however, I personally believe that some electrotherapies can be effective and really are capable of helping to alleviate at least the symptoms of many illnesses and diseases, if not curing them outright. The problem is that mainstream scientists are usually "turned off" from researching them properly because of the ever-present quackery associated with them. Because of this, proper medical and scientific research is not being done (at least to the extent that the field deserves) and the people who are doing research are mainly private individuals with limited resources and equipment and with little or no formal medical or scientific training. So actual, provable results are few and far between and very often do not meet orthodox objective scientific criteria. On the "plus side" however, current research into the interactions of electrical equipment with biosystems (such as mobile phone RF radiation research) are tending to throw some light on the possible mechanisms involved. Also a general study of the scientific literature does tend to indicate that certain types of electrical signals can produce distinct bio-effects.

My interest in electrotherapy concerns Rife devices and the Rife effect although there is always some overlap with other technologies. There are many instruments on the market that claim to be Rife devices of one sort or another. The truth is that none of Rife's original machines exist today and we are not 100% sure about their design details or exactly what and how the frequencies were produced. As at 2007, much research has been done to “re-discover” the proper Rife frequencies and we get closer to the truth as every year goes by. The various modern devices sold with a Rife label are just modern "interpretations" of what various people believe Rife did. Most frequency instruments have some sort of bioactive effect, but in the absence of proper research and the lack of information about many aspects of Rife's work, very few, if any, of today’s frequency instruments actually work in exactly the same way that Rife's did. Furthermore there is insufficient proper medical evidence to determine clearly whether any of these instruments are beneficial or whether they might actually be harmful. I personally believe that most of these instruments cannot do any harm if used in a responsible manner.

The majority of claims for electrotherapeutic devices are based on anecdotal reports from users of the equipment. These do not count as scientific proof for many reasons, particularly the lack of controls, the subjective nature of the responses, the lack of actual diagnosis, data and analysis and finally the ever present possibility of "self-delusion" or even outright lying by the subjects. On the other hand, the sheer volume of anecdotal data, the nature and consistency of the reports of effects from genuine, well meaning individuals does tend to indicate that there is something to it, and this at least provides some circumstantial evidence that suggests that some electrotherapies may well have real benefits. This circumstantial evidence is, in my opinion, too important to ignore or dismiss, although I agree it should always be treated with caution.

One of the problems that the proponents of Electrotherapy have always had to face has been the suppression of the technology by the conventional medical industry. Electrotherapeutic devices can easily be sold directly to the public via ads in popular magazines and now on the Internet and this has led to the widespread practice of self-treatment. This easy access to low cost treatment of all sorts of conditions has upset the medical and pharmaceutical cartel and has led to the on-going suppression of the technology by the medical establishment. In the last 15 years however, Electrotherapy, has been making a big comeback as its benefits become more widely known. In chiropractic and sports medicine, low-frequency AC and DC pulses are being used to kill pain and exercise muscles. High-frequency electrotherapy is also coming back in alternative healing practices. There is an increasing appreciation of the electrical nature of biological functioning and that some electric vibrations in the environment are harmful while others are healing.

It is also worthwhile to note that some electrotherapies are now scientifically validated or generally accepted by the medical profession. In many cases, when they were first suggested or introduced, these therapies were treated with disdain and dismissal, but through the weight of evidence in their favour they have now been admitted to be effective by the conventional medical profession. The acceptability of electrotherapy seems to depend on where you live! The United States regulatory agencies are much more dismissive of these technologies than the authorities in other parts of the world. In Europe and many other countries, many electrotherapies are at least tolerated if not accepted by medical agencies, whilst the same therapies are effectively outlawed in the United States. In Germany, for instance, Bioresonance therapy is well known and is commonly practiced using the BioMed, Bemer and other devices.